Google 2008 | Web Health Directory

31 December, 2008

WELCOME 2009

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GOOD MORNING 2009. WISH ALL MY FRIENDS A HAPPY , PROSPEROUS, HEALTHY NEW YEAR WITH OUR CLOSED ONES.
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29 December, 2008

SCREENING FOR CERVICAL CANCER

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Morning friends,today i would like to stress on the importance of screening programmes for early detection of cervical cancer.Cervical cancer is perhaps the most common female genital tract cancer in the developing countries.Cervical cancer is a very important cause of female cancer related mortality in the developing countries .

The screening test mainly used is the PAP test[papanicolaou test].Other tests are also available like the thin prep test,HPV TEST etc.

In the developed countries the incidence of cervical cancer is far less . They have achieved this by effective screening of cancer cervix by routine use of PAP SMEAR screening test.The screening programme has reduced the incidence & mortality due to carcinoma cervix.

We have to make female individuals leaving in developing countries conscious about the importance of screening of cancer cervix.So, please spread this important issue among others.

The screening should start within three years of onset of vaginal intercourse, but not later than age 21,thereafter continued yearly.There is more to the protocol, but it may be copyrighted ,so i can't post it here.
For further information on this please consult your doctor,or you may visit the WHOINDIA SITE

please spread this knowledge among your friends.
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28 December, 2008

SORRY ENTRECARD FRIENDS

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Hi, i m in a problem i will probably not be able to visit your blog and drop,everyday for at least one month[up till end of january].I HAVE A THESIS TO SUBMIT,AND WORK IS INCREASING DAY BY DAY.So, if you feel like you may not visit my blog or drop,or place any advertisements in my entrecard widget.
I am sleeping only for 3-4 hours a day,for say the 3 months.BUT I'LL DEFINITELY TRY TO POST EVERYDAY SOME HEALTH-ORIENTED ISSUES,AND I PROMISE I WILL COME BACK WITH A BANG, AFTER A MONTH.

THOSE FRIENDS WHO HAVE ALREADY POSTED THEIR ADVERTS IN MY ENTRECARD WIDGET , CAN TAKE THEIR CREDIT BACK FROM ME, IF THEY FEEL LIKE.

SORRY FOR THE INCONVENIENCE FRIENDS.
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EARLY PREGNANCY FACTOR:THE FUTURE

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Hi everybody,today I'll try to explain a new method of diagnosis of pregnancy.EARLY PREGNANCY FACTOR or EPF . It is a newly discovered agent that appears in the maternal serum within 1-2 days after conception.EARLY PREGNANCY FACTOR is the earliest marker to be positive in maternal blood after conception.
It also becomes positive within 1-2 days after successful in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer[IVF-ET]
But the problem with EPF is at present it is diagnosed by a complex method[rosette inhibition test]which is not widely available.But hopefully as science progresses , new simpler methods of detection of EPF will be available, for general use.
For further information on this you may consult your doctor, or may visit the lifeissues sitehere
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23 December, 2008

MERRY CHRISTMAS

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GOOD MORNING WORLD, MERRY CHRISTMAS AND HAPPY HOLIDAYS,ENJOY WITH FRIENDS & FAMILY.
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22 December, 2008

FOLIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION IN PREGNENCY

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Good morning friends,Today I'll explain the importance of folic acid supplementation in pregnancy.Neural tube is a structure in the developing embryo, which finally develops into the brain & spinal cord.

NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS are defects arising due to errors in development of the neural tube.The most common defects are spina bifida & anencephaly. Spina bifida is a condition where the the spinal cord of the fetus,fails to close completely. Anencephaly is a condition where a part of the brain of the fetus fails to develop.[i,ll explain these conditions elaborately, in my future posts.]

The development of the neural tube takes place in the early weeks of pregnancy.

FOLIC ACID is a water soluble B-complex vitamin,which plays a role in DNA synthesis and cell replication.Foods that are reach in folic acid are grains,green leafy vegetables,spinach,lentils,broccoli etc.

Fortification of grains has been started in United States,for a long time.This has reduced the prevalence of neural tube defects in pregnancy & also the prevalence of maternal serum alpha-feto protein[msafp-a marker for neural tube defects in pregnancy]

SUPPLEMENTATION OF FOLIC ACID DURING PREGNANCY: .4mg/day[400mcg/day].Supplementation of folic acid during pregnancy should be ideally started 3 months before conception & should be continued throughout the first trimester[the first 12 weeks]. In case of women who have a history of prior child effected by neural tube defects should take folic acid at the dose of 4mg/day.

PLEASE GO AND ATTEND PRE-CONCEPTIONAL COUNSELLING PROGRAMMES,WHEN YOU PLAN FOR A BABY.

FOE FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS PLEASE DISCUSS THIS ISSUE WITH YOUR DOCTOR.YOU MAY ALSO VISIT THE PATIENT.CO.UK SITEhere

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20 December, 2008

SERUM PROGESTERONE:HORMONAL ASSAY FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS

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Good morning friends.Today I'll post a brief review on the 2nd hormonal assay for pregnancy diagnosis: SERUM PROGESTERONE.Progesterone is a steroid hormone that is produced by the corpus luteum,which prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
Detecting the blood levels of serum progesterone,after serum HCG has become already positive,is usually done in cases where there is a suspicion of abnormal pregnancy[ectopic pregnancy,abortion etc]

METHODS OF DETECTION:1.fluoroimmunoassay 2.radio-immunoassay 3. an ELISA kit is also available.which detects serum progesterone level greater than 15ng/ml.
IMPLICATIONS OF TEST RESULT:A value more than 25ng/ml usually indicates a viable pregnancy. A value less than 5ng/ml may indicate a non-viable pregnancy,and further investigations are required. A value greater than 15ng/ml usually excludes ectopic pregnancy. A value between 5-25 ng/ml usually requires further ancillary investigations like ultrasound,serial testing etc. to exclude the risk of abnormal pregnancy.

This test has other uses too:in the evaluation of congenital adrenal hyperplasia,ovarian cancer,adrenal cancer etc.

For further information on this,please discuss this issue with your doctor or may visit the oxford journal sitehere

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19 December, 2008

HORMONAL ASSAYS FOR PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS:HCG

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Hi friends, today I'll post a brief review on the hormonal assays used for the diagnosis of pregnancy.The hormonal assays that can be used for pregnancy diagnosis are HCG[human chorionic gonadotrophin],progesterone & early pregnancy factor[EPF].
The most commonly used test is HCG.

HCG has two sub-units:alpha & beta subunit.The alpha-subunit is similar to other hormones like LH[luteinising hormone],FSH[follicle stimulating hormone],THYROTROPIN.But the beta-subunit is distinct ftom other hormones. The chemical structure is different.

The beta subunit has two forms : free beta HCG & core beta HCG. The core beta HCG is usually measured in the urine test test for HCG.This kit is easily available over the counter,for self testing.HYPERGLYYCOSYLATED HCG is a special form of HCG that is produced during the implantation of the embryo in the endometrial lining of the uterus[more specifically, it is released when trophoblastic invasion takes place].The urine tests should ideally be able to detect hyperglycosylated HCG,as it is the principle HCG secreted in early pregnancy.

The HCG is usually detetable in serum 8-11 days from the date of conception.The level of HCG peaks in 10-12 weeks of gestation & then falls rapidly,for a second slow rise at 22 weeks of gestation ,which continues upto term.

There are four main types of HCG assays : RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IMMUNORADIOMETRIC ASSAY FLUOROIMMUNOASSAY ELISA Of these fluoroimmunoassay & radioimmunoassay are perhaps the most sensitive.

Sometimes false-positive results may occur in the prescence of rheumatoid factor,heterophile antibodies etc.

The picture has been taken from wikimedia commons.

For more information on this,please consult with your doctor or you may visit the WIKIPEDIA Subscribe in a reader

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17 December, 2008

MEDICAL ASSISTANT ONLINE COURSES

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Hi friends,this is my first paid post.Tried to collect substantial lot of data regarding this.Medical assistants carry out both administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians,chiropractors etc.

Medical assistants in administrative tasks perform several duties like keeping patient records,filling out insurance forms,arranging for hospital admissions,greeting patients,answering correspondence,book-keeping,dealing with bills etc.As they have to deal with public a lot,they should always be pleasant in their behavior.

Medical assistants involved in clinical tasks,have to perform several kinds of duties,which depends upon the state laws,in which they are employed. The tasks may involve history taking ,examination of vital signs of the patient, assisting the physician during examination of the patient,explaining to the patient about the treatment protocols,keeping the examination room clean & in order,collect laboratory specimen, draw blood sample,dressing of wounds etc.

There are certain specialised medical assistants like ophthalmic medical assistants,optometric medical assistants,podiatric medical assistants.Ophthalmic medical assistants help the ophthalmologists in providing eye care.Optometric medical assistants work along with the optometrists in providing eye care.Podiatric medical assistants job responsibility includes making casting,taking x-ray etc.

WORK HOUR: Full time work hour includes 40 hour/week.Part time jobs are also available.

JOB PROSPECT: IS VERY GOOD.EMPLOYMENT OF MEDICAL ASSISTANTS IS EXPECTED TO RISE BY 35% BY THE YEAR 2016.There is scope for jobs in private and public sector.Usually the hospitals prefer certified and experienced individuals.,although not absolutely required.In the developing world,job prospects are even more better,with numerous hospitals & nursing homes coming up.[for more information please visit BLS.GOV SITEhere].

Now coming to this institution,St. augustine's school offers online medical assistant courses, with facilities for online enrollment,online payment[quite reasonable price].online medical courses & also facilities for online examination.They provide certificate of comletion of the medical assistant's programme.The course duration is 6-8 weeks.
In my opinion,this is best suitable,for individuals, who do not have the opportunity for attending regular college courses.

They also offer online dental assistant,pharmacy technician,nursing assistant programmes also.

WORD OF CAUTION:Please visit their site & review it carefully.Look at their legal info. and check out with your potential employees & respective government agencies whether this programme[ and the certificate ]will satisfy their needs.

medical assistant schoolshere
http://www.medassistant.org/program_details.html

medical assistanthttp://www.medassistant.org>here
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16 December, 2008

HAIR CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

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Morning friends, as promised I'll be continuing with postings related to pregnancy .Today i'll try to explain hair changes in pregnancy.

Hair growth consists of two main phases. ANAGEN & TELOGEN. There is also a transitional phase in between, called the CATAGEN PHASE, which indicates the end of growing phase of hair.Catagen phase lasts for 2-3 weeks.In the ANAGEN phase, growth of hair takes place.TELOGEN PHASE is the resting phase, during which hair falls off.

At any given time. about 20% of hairs are in the resting phase[telogen].During pregnancy more hairs are in the ANAGEN PHASE.[growing phase]. As a result, during pregnancy hair continues to grow,thus in many women during pregnancy hair appears to be thicker.

During pregnancy increased growth of body & fascial hair may take place[hirsuitism], due to male hormone production by ovaries & adrenal gland.

After pregnancy during the post partum period,most of the hairs are in the telogen phase.Thereby there is a tendency of the hairs to fall off. Hair loss of about 100 hairs is normal.An individual usually notices significant hair loss when about 2/5 of all hair is lost.This phase of hair loss in the post-partum period usually subside in the next 5-6 months.

There is basically no effective treatment of this problem, but one may try avoiding excessive use of hair dryers,brushes etc.

The picture has been uploaded from wikimedia commons

For further information on this you may dicuss this with your doctor, or may visit the MARCH OF DIMES sitehere

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14 December, 2008

ACNE AND PREGNANCY

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Morning friends,in today's post I'll try to present a brief review of ACNE PROBLEM IN PREGNANCY.

Effect of pregnancy is varied on the presentation of acne.In some women,even the acne may subside during pregnancy.But in majority of women will experience a flare-up of acne.This flare-up may take place due to the action of progesterone,a hormone that increases during pregnancy,which increases the secretion from the glands.Acne is more common in first trimester.

Post-partum women can also have acne for the first time.[Post-gestational acne]

TREATMENT:1.Keep the area clean 2.maintain hydration. 3.Topical erythromycin.topical clindamycin,oral erythromycin may be used. 4.It's better to avoid tretinoin application.

Please don't use this drugs without proper prescription of your doctor.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION YOU MAY CONSULT WITH YOUR DOCTOR OR VISIT THE BABYCENTER SITEhere

If you find my postings informative please subscribe.Do visit again ,good bye.[the picture has been uploaded from wikipedia commons,long live wikipedia]
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CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN PREGNANCY

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Good morning friends,starting from this post onwards i will try to explain some changes the human body undergoes during pregnancy.Today I'll make an attempt to explain the cardiovascular changes in pregnancy[heart & the circulatory system]

Pregnancy is a hyperdynamic state of circulation.
1.Blood volume increases by almost 40-50%.[peaks in 28-32 weeks of gestation]
2.Plasma volume increases to the tune of 40%.
3.Anemia[due to discrepapancy of the rise of blood volume & plasma volume and also due to iron deficiency]
4.Decreased oxygen carrying capacity of blood.[this is compensated by several mechanisms like increase in cardiac output,decreasing blood viscosity,vessel dilatation etc]
5.Due to the effect of estrogen & progesterone[these hormones rise during pregnancy] dilates the blood vessels so there is a fall in the resistance offered by the blood vessels[systemic vascular resistance & pulmonary vascular resistance]
6.Increase in cardiac output[peaks during 22-28 weeks of gestation].
7.Increase in stroke volume[the blood pumped by the heart with each heart beat].
8.Red blood cell volume also increases to the tune of 20%.
9.heart beat increases during pregnancy by 12-16beats/minute[this may give rise to palpitation i.e becoming conscious about your heart beat]
10.Alteration of blood pressure:Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure,both fall to a minor extent,but the changes are more marked in diastolic blood pressure.
11.Pedal edema[swelling around the ankles,which pits on application of pressure].
12.Some ECG changes.[ST-T changes]
13.some findings are also observed on auscultation of the heart[examination of the chest with a stethoscope] like murmurs,increased splitting of heart sounds,S3 gallop etc.
14.Decrease in blood viscosity.
15.Shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right.

PLEASE DISCUSS THIS ISSUES WITH YOUR DOCTOR OR FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS YOU MAY Visit here

Yes,i know i could not explain a few terms in a more simple way ,because i thought they will be a bit out of the extent of this post,but still if you find this post informative,please subscribe.
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11 December, 2008

LESIONS OF VULVA:LICHEN SCLEROSUS

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Hi friends,today i'll try to explain a fairly common disorder of the vulva,namely LICHEN SCLEROSUS.
This disease usually occurs in post-menopausal ladies , but may also occur in girls before puberty,although infrequently.Apart from vulva,it may also occur in other parts of perineum or perianal region.


SIGNS & SYMPTOMS:1.individuals with lichen sclerosus may complain of pruritus[itching],vulvodynia[vulvar pain],dyspareunia[pain during sexual intercourse] etc.
2.There may be visible lesions in the vulvar region.The lesions are whitish in colour,thinned out[so called 'cigarette paper' like].

pathologically,there is atrophy[thinning out] of the tissue.There may be occasional areas of thickening admixed with thinned out areas.

COMPLICATIONS:1.Lichen sclerosus carries a risk of squamous cell cancer & vulvar intra-epithelial neoplasia[pre-cancerous lesions of the vulva].
2.In some cases the tissue gets so thinned out , that stenosis[narrowing] of the introitus[vaginal opening] takes place.

DIAGNOSIS:Proper diagnosis usually requires a vulvar biopsy.

TREATMENT:1.Avoid excessive drying of the area.Use of emollients like vaseline may be needed.
2.maintenance of hygeine.

3.MEDICINES:1.To relieve the symptoms topical application of steroids[betamethasone,clobetasone] is usually prescribed.
2.In patients who do not respond to topical steroids and for children with this condition,topical progesterone may be used.
3.In very resistant cases,where pruritus persists even after the use of aforementioned drugs,then triamcinolone local injection may be used.
4.NEW DRUGS UNDER EVALUATION:1.retinoids
2.pimecrolimus[topical macrolide immunosuppressant]
although topical applications are usually used,all of these drugs have certain serious side effects,so none of these drugs are to be used without proper prescription of your doctor.
For further information you can discuss this issue with your doctor or visit the NIAMS site here
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BMI CALCULATOR:PREGNANCY CALCULATOR

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FOR BENEFIT OF EVERYBODY I PLACE THE BMI CALCULATOR AND PREGNANCY CALCULATOR

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09 December, 2008

MORE ON CRANBERRY'S ROLE IN UTI

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Morning friends,this post is linked to my previous post & is specifically directed to one of my friend who placed a query regarding the side-effects of cranberry.
Cranberry is usually a relatively well-tolerated herbal-medicine.As previously mentioned cranberry's role in prevention of urinary tract infection has only been established,but it's role in treatment of urinary tract infection has yet not been established.

SIDE-EFFECTS OF CRANBERRY:[these side-effects occur usually in a minority of patients]
1.nausea.
2.abdominal discomfort.
3.increased frequency of bowel motion.
4.few individuals refuse to take cranberry,due to it's bitter taste.
5.In one study it has been shown to increase the risk of oxalate stone formation in the kidney.so,it should preferably be avoided in oxalate urinary stone formers.
6.in few cases it has shown to increase bleeding tendency[measured by INR] when given to individuals taking warfarin.
7.In one study it has also been shown that cranberry increases the excretion of drugs like anti-depressants & opioids , thus reducing their effectiveness.

Finally,once again i would like to stress on the fact that the role of cranberry has only been substantiated in prevention of urinary tract infection.
If he/she is suffering from active urinary tract infection,then he/she must consult his/her doctor.A culture of mid-stream clean catch urine sample along with antibiotic sensitivity may have to be done.If symptoms of the individual suggest pyelonephritis[infection of the kidney] then imaging studies like ultra-sonography[USG] of abdomen may have to be done.If urinary tract infection is proved,then proper antibiotic may have to be started,after evaluation by your doctor.

So to end,anybody not being able to tolerate cranberry or suffering from urinary tract infection should immediately consult his/her doctor regarding continuation/discontinuation of cranberry or for the treatment of UTI.Nobody should ever take cranberry,in any form without a proper prescription of doctor.

I hope this informations may be of some help to my friend & other friends also.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS,YOU SHOULD CONSULT YOUR DOCTOR OR MAY VISIT THE CAM.ORG SITEhere

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06 December, 2008

CRANBERRY:ROLE IN URINARY TRACT INFECTION

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GOOD MORNING FRIENDS.Today i thought of posting a brief review on the role of cranberry in the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection.

Urinary tract infection is very common condition ,specially effecting females.But it also occurs in males.It is more common in women of reproductive age group,specially in sexually active women.
It is usually an easily treatable disorder,responds quickly to antibiotics.Most of the urinary tract infections are urethritis and cystitis[infection & inflammation of the urethra & urinary bladder] .Although, in some cases,pyelonephritis[infection of the kidney] may occur.

Symptoms:1.Urgent desire to to empty the bladder.[urgency]
2.increased frequency of micturition[urination]
3.pain & burning sensation during urination[dysuria]
4.if the kidney,gets involved, there may be abdominal pain,flank pain,nausea,fever,chills.

MOST COMMON BACTERIA CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION IS E.coli.However there are many others[i'll try to explain, in my later posts]

ROLE OF CRANBERRY:[Vaccinium macrocarpon] has been on the scene for ages.It was also used by the native americans,for prevention and treatment of urinary tract infection.Several theories have been given to explain it's mode of action.It is believed that cranberry juice produces hippuric acid, that acidifies the urine,thereby preventing urinary tract infection.
Recent view is that,cranberry prevents specifically the attachment or adherence of E.coli to the lining epithelium of the urinary tract by inhibiting the haemagglutinition of E. coli by expression of P adhesin.[this is a molecule produced by E.coli which helps in attachment]

Although CRANBERRY has been used for many years for the treatment of urinary tract infection, but evidence is lacking [in the form of studies & trials] , to substantially prove it's role in the treatment of urinary tract infection.
But several studies have established it's role in prevention of urinary tract infection.A substantial portion of women,who have suffered from an attack of UTI,have recurrences.These individuals may benefit the most from cranberry juice.Cranberry is also available in the form in the form of capsules.

SAFETY:It is usually well-tolerated.It is usually safe.But it may have a tendency to increase the urinary oxalate level.Thus, it should be cautiously used, in individuals with history of oxalate stones.

OTHER ROLES:cranberry may also have some protective role in dental plaques.It may also have some role against fungus[dermatophytes].But these actions have not been substantially proved yet.

For further information you may discuss this issue with your doctor or visit the CNN HEALTH SITE
here OR NCBI SITEhere
IN MY OPINION,ALTHOUGH,IT'S A HERBAL MEDICINE DON'T TAKE THIS,WITHOUT PRIOR DISCUSSION WITH YOUR DOCTOR.
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THANKS ALL FOR DROPPING BY:

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Thanks to all of my entrecard friends.I think i have not disappointed you,uptill now.

TOP 10 DROPPER FRIENDS:
1.60 were enough:here
2.HealthEagle:here
3.Losing Weight Intentionally:here
4.Healthy Tips For A Healthy Lifestyle:here
5.BetterSpines:here
6.livelife365.com:here
8.Beyond Feron:here
9.Mind Relaxing Ideas:here
10.Losing It - Getting Fit:here

ONCE AGAIN THANKS,FRIENDS.
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05 December, 2008

MITTELSCHMERZ:OVULATION PAIN

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Good morning friends.Today before going to work i thought of posting a breief review on MITTELSCHMERZ or ovulatuion pain or mid-cycle pain.This condition has disturbed & perplexed many women.

MITTELSCHMERZ consists of lower abdominal pain and pelvic pain occuring in the middle of a menstrual cycle.This pain coincides with ovulation.This sort of pain usually begins suddenly and lasts for few hours.This pain may occur in both sides of the lower abdomen in some but usually occurs on one side,corresponding to the ovary,from which ovulation has occured.The location of pain may switch from one side of the lower abdomen to the other side ,in different menstrual cycles,because ovulation may occur randomly from one ovary to the other in different menstrual cycles.

CAUSE:several theories have been postulated.
1.As ovary has no openings,when the egg or ovum comes out during ovulation, it ruptures a portion of the ovarian wall,leading to pain.
2.Following ovulation,contraction of the fallopian tube occurs, in order to allow the passage of the egg.This may have a role to play in the genesis of MITTELSCHMERZ.
3.During ovulation ,when the egg ruptures through the ovarian wall some amount of blood and fluid may be released into the abdominal cavity[peritoneal cavity].This may also be the cause of pain.
4.Prior to ovulation many follicles[ovarian follicles located within the ovary] enlarge in anticipation of ovulation.However only one[sometimes two] eggs come out in each menstrual cycle.One egg or ovum comes out of each follicle,other enlarging follicles subsequently regress[atrophy].The enlargement of follicles may have a role to play in the etiology of MID-CYCLE PAIN.

TREATMENT:Usually this sort of pain is harmless.Responds to simple analgesics.But if it persists for a longer period then other causes of lower abdominal pain are to be excluded.Sometimes MITTELSCHMERZ may mimick appendicitis.
Whenever this sort of pain bothers any women,she should at least take the the advice of her doctor.
signing off,friends,closing my laptop.It's time for getting back to work.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE DISCUSS THE TOPIC OF MITTELSCHMERZ WITH YOUR DOCTOR.
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04 December, 2008

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME:IBS

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Hi friends,good morning.Today i'll post some important facts regarding IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME,a very common condition affecting many and above all a very discomforting condition.It affects both men & women,but more commonly the females.Irritable bowel syndrome affects the large intestine or the colon.Irritable bowel syndrome is a functional disease that is the bowel does not function correctly.

The cause of this disorder is not exactly known.but several theories have been postulated.The large bowel in these patients may be extremely sensitive to stress or some kind of foods.There may be problem in motility or movement of the large bowel.There may be spasmodic contractions[strong muscle contractions] or the colon may stop functioning temporarily.
SEROTONIN,a chemical neurotransmitter ,present mainly in the gut[& also in the brain] may have a role to play.There are certain receptors in the gut ,whose main function is to transfer the serotonin out of the gut.In irritable bowel syndrome ,there is diminished activity of these receptors, resulting in abnormal levels of serotonin,which cause problems in motility,pain sensation etc.
The epithelium or the lining cells are normal,but when the contents in the large bowel move quickly,the lining epithelium is not able to absorb the fluid from the bowel contents.which result in plenty of fluids in the stool.At times when the contents move slowly,the large bowel epithelium absorbs almost all the fluids,resulting in constipated stool.
Infections of the gastro-intestinal tract,mild celiac disease may also have a role to play in the development of irritable bowel syndrome.


SYMPTOMS:1.cramping abdominal pain,abdominal discomfort.[for 12 weeks in previous 12 months,the weeks may not be consecutive]
2.changes in frequency of bowel movement.
3.changes in appearance of the stool.
4.passage of mucus in the stool.
5.bloating of abdomen
6.diarrhea or constipation.etc.

EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS:First step in diagnosis is if any individual, thinks he/she has symptoms related to IBS,he/she must go to a doctor.

investigations:There is no specific test available for IBS.But some tests may be performed to exclude other diseases.1.blood test
2. stool sample test
3.x-ray:lower gi barium enema series.
4.sigmoidoscopy
5.colonoscopy. etc

diagnosis: is usually made by ROME CRITERIA.[i'll describe in detail about ROME CRITERIA in my later posts]

TREATMENT:1.STRESS MANAGEMENT:this is very important.Exercise,meditation,relaxation techniques,counselling may help.My personal opinion is don't stress yourself too hard.although it's easier said than done.Try to avoid interpersonal conflicts.Have a good,adequate sleep.

2.FOOD:some foods with increased fibre content like cereals,fruits,vegetables may help some individuals.
foods to avoid:carbonated drinks[soda],caffeinated drinks,fattyfoods are to be avoided.In some patients milk products are to be avoided.These individuals should take adequate supplements[calcium].

medicines:1.Antispasmodics like dicyclomine,hyoscyamine may be used to reduce the spasmodic pain.
2.Drugs like Loperamide may have to be used for the control of painless diarrhea.
3.Low doses of anti-depressants like amitryptylline,selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors[SSRIs] may also be used.
4.Alosetron is a recently introduced drug,that may be used in diarrhea predominant IBS,when all other treatment options have failed.This drug has some serious side effects like ishcemic colitis,severe constipation.
5.INVESTIGATIONAL DRUG:1.Fedotozine:This is an investigational drug,a kappa-opiod agonist that may decrease the hypersensitivity of the intestine.
2.Studies on substance-p[a neurotransmitter] antagonist is going on.
NONE OF THESE DRUGS ARE TO BE TAKEN WITHOUT PROPER PRESCRIPTION OF A DOCTOR

For more information please dicuss this issues with your doctor.You may also visit the MEDILINEPLUS SITE for further reference here

If you find my post informative,please subscribe.Signing off ,now i have to move it,s time for healthcare.
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03 December, 2008

ATOPOBIUM VAGINAE:ROLE IN RELAPSING BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

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GOOD MORNING FRIENDS.A short post before going to work.BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS, is usually an easily treatable condition,as mentioned in my previous post about bacterial vaginosis.It usually responds promptly to a course of metronidazole.

But in some instances relapses are seen after a course of metronidazole.In many of these cases co-infection with a recently recognised bacteria atopobium vaginae or yeast[candida albicans] is seen.

Atopobium vaginae is a recently recognised bacteria that has been shown to have a causative role in relapsing bacterial vaginosis.This bacteria is difficult to diagnose, and the problem is it is resistent to metronidazole,the commonly used drug for bacterial vaginosis.Although it is sensitive to treatment with clindamicin,ampicillin/sulbactum,imipenem,meropenem etc.Usually clindamycin is used.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION ON THIS, PLEASE CONTACT YOUR DOCTOR OR LOCAL HEALTH-CARE PROVIDER.

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02 December, 2008

WORLD DISABILITY DAY

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Good morning,friends.Today DECEMBER 3rd is WORLD DISABILITY DAY.

In many countries of the world,specially in the developing countries many individuals[the number is in millions] is suffering from various types of disabilities . The number is increasing everyday due to several factors like chronic disease,violence,ageing related disease,car crashes,falls etc.

A LOT HAS TO BE DONE IN THIS REGARD.FOCUS HAS TO BE GIVEN ON ENSURING THEM EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS .MASSIVE IMPROVEMENTS ARE REQUIRED IN PREVENTION, EARLY DIAGNOSIS,TREATMENT,REHABILITATION AND PROVISION OF ASSISTIVE DEVICES.

A LOT IS BEING DONE,BUT THERE IS MASSIVE WORK TO BE DONE FOR A BETTER WORLD,FOR EVERYBODY.
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01 December, 2008

WORLD AIDS DAY

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GOOD AFTERNOON,FRIENDS,DON'T FORGET TODAY IS THE WORLD AIDS DAY 2008.PLEASE MAKE AN ATTEMPT TO INCREASE THE AWARENESS ABOT THIS DISEASE.FOR INFORMATION ON AIDS YOU CAN VISIT WORLDAIDSDAY.ORG here

LET'S DO OUR BIT.
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30 November, 2008

HEART HEALTHY DIET & LIVING

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Hi,fellow bloggers,today i decided to post something different.Today i'll post a brief review on healthy diet & helthy living related to the heart.
THE MAJOR RISK FACTORS OF HEART DISEASE:1.SMOKING
2.INCREASED CHOLESTEROL
3.STRESS & EXCESSIVE STRAIN
4.HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
5.FAMILY HISTORY
6.LACK OF EXERCISE
SMOKING :A MAJOR RISK FACTOR FOR HEART DISEASE NAMELY CORONARY HEART DISEASE.This factor is definitely in our hands to control,albeit a little difficult.please refer to my previous post for further information on this.

cholesterol is a normal component of our body. It has beneficial roles to play like synthesis of hormones & nerve cells.but when it is present in excess ,cholesterol gets deposited in the blood vessels[atheromatous plaques],narrows the blood vessel lumen,thus decreasing the blood flow to several organs,mainly the heart.This is called atherosclerosis.

HEALTHY DIET FOR THE HEART:THIS SECTION IS VERY IMPORTANT.
1.Take plenty of fruits,green leafy vegetables,legumes etc.These are rich in vitamins,minerals,anti-oxidants.Try to take at least 5-6 servings per day.
2.Limit the amount of fat intake to less than 30%of total calorie intake.Limit saturated fat[present in red meats ,butter] to less than 10% of total calorie intake.
3.Increase the amount of poly-unsaturated fatty acid intake[start using safflower oil,sunflower oil,canola oil,olive oil etc,try to avoid coconut oil,palm oil]
4.Reduce the intake of cholesterol to less than 300mg/day[red meat,butter & other dairy products]
5Go for chicken ,turkey,fish,AVOID RED MEAT.
6.Reduce the consumption of ice-cream,cream filled cakes[these are loaden with fats]
6.Reduce the amount of salt intake.[don't take table salts,soy sauce etc]
7.AVOID EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.

EXCERCISE :EXERCISE SHOULD BE A PART OF DAILY REGIMEN OF EVERY INDIVIDUAL'S LIFE.This does not mean excessive exercise,just simple aerobic exercise like walkinf,jogging,swimming for 30-60 minutes is more than enough.It plays a role in reducing the bad cholesterol[LDL].Furthermore it has a role to play in reducing stress and anxiety.

HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE:if one follows the diet mentioned above it is also protective for high blood pressure.Although individuals ,who have been diagnosed to be hypertensive should remain under close follow up and follow the advices provided by his/her doctor.

STRESS:This is a part & parcel of our day to day life.We have to tackle this comehow.Counselling may help.I would suggest just relax a bit,don't run after your ambitions too much.Everything will happen when the time comes.

Family history:we can't do much about this,can we?
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS VISIT THE your total health sitehttp://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com/heart-healthy-diet.htmlor discuss with your local health care provider.

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28 November, 2008

SMOKING AND PREGNANCY

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Good evening,friends.Today i'll try to explain the effects of smoking on pregnancy.smoking,in general is very damaging to the body,in the context of pregnancy it's even more dangerous.SMOKING EFFECTS BOTH THE MOTHER & THE BABY.Smoking disturbs the placental function & reduce the supply of oxygen to the baby within the womb,as the baby depends for all nutritious supplies on the mother.

Smoking reduces the fertility in both women & men.In women it may cause a delay in conception.In men ,it reduces the the sperm count,volume of semen,sperm motility thus impairing fertility in general.

EFFECT OF SMOKING IN A PREGNANT MOTHER:Smoking may cause premature delievery,premature rupture of membrane,placental abruption etc.

EFFECT OF SMOKING ON THE BABY:Smoking has a diverse of effects on the baby like preterm delievery,low birth weight,lung problems,bronchitis in early age etc.Smoking has also been related to cot death & SIDS[sudden infant death syndrome]

Passive smoking also has a damaging effect on both mother & the baby.

So,my suggestion is both the parents should stop smoking before planning for a baby.

HOW TO STOP SMOKING:Urge to stop smoking is most important.Nicotine replacement therapy[nicotine patch] is not much preffered during pregnancy.The parents should try to stop smoking by themselves,if all attempts fail,nicotine replacement therapy may be tried but after consulting with your doctor.

FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS,YOU SHOULD DISCUSS THIS WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN.YOU CAN ALSO VISIT CDC SITEhere
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26 November, 2008

WORLD AIDS DAY 2008:NOTIFICATION

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Hi friends,good morning.WORLD AIDS DAY IS COMING UP ON DECEMBER 1st 2008.THE FIGHT AGAINST HIV/AIDS CONTINUES.IT'S NOT ONLY THE DISEASE,BUT THE PREJUDICE ASSOCIATED WITH IT,WE SHOULD GET RID OF THAT TOO.
LET'S DO OUR BIT.
Support World AIDS Day
FOR INFORMATION ON AIDS YOU CAN VISIT WORLDAIDSDAY.ORG here
Bloggers Unite
you can also visit the site AIDSinfo sitehere

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DYSMENORRHEA:PAINFUL MENSTRUATION

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Hi Friends ,today i,ll try to post a brief review on dysmenorrhea or painful menstruation.DYSMENORRHEA or painful menstruation is a very common problem in the adlescent and early 20 age group. DYSMENORRHEA is one of the most common problem encounterd in gynaecologic practice.
DYSMENORRHEA can be classified into two types:primary dysmenorrhea & secondary dysmenorrhea.

PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA:It affects women in their adolescence, during the first few cycles after onset of menstruation[menarche].It is associated with spasmodic pain starting just before or along with periods & persists for 1-2 days.This type of dysmenorrhea is clinically not associated with any pelvic pathology[pathology of the female genital tract etc]
Several chemicals are thought to play a role in the development of primary dysmenorrhea like prostaglandins,leukotrienes,vasopressin and some nerve fibres like type C neurones.

TREATMENT:nsaids like diclofenac,ketoprofen,ibuprofen,mefenamic acid ,naproxen etc are very effective in this condition to reduce the pain .The possible side effects of this drugs are mainly stomach upset presenting eith nausea,vomiting.These drugs should not be taken by individuals with gastritis,gastric ulcer,kidney problems etc.
conjugated OCPs[oral contraceptive pills] are also effective,but i don't think the FDA has approved OCPs for this particular problem.
Other drugs with proposed benefits are thiamine,omega-3 fatty acid.vitamin E ETC.low grade heat application may help some.

SECONDARY DYSMENORRHEA:It affects women in their 30s.The pain starts during the second half of menstrual cycle ahter ovulation and reaches it's peak during the onset of menstrual bleeding.The causes are ENDOMETRIOSIS,UTERINE FIBROIDS,UTERINE POLYP,ADENOMYOSIS,PELVIC CONGESTION SYNDROME,INTRA-UTERINE COPPER DEVICES,MALFORMATIONS OF THE UTERUS etc.
For proper diagnosis investigations like ESR,TOTAL COUNT,CERVICAL CULTURE,HCG[human chorionic gonadotropin - to exclude ectopic pregnancy] & other special investigations like abdominal & vaginal ultrasound.hysteroscopy, even laparoscopy may be required.

TREATMENT:depends on the actual cause of secondary dysmenorrhea.Surgery may be a treatment option in case of certain cause.The above mentioned drugs may also be used as an adjunctive measure.
For additional information please consult your physician or visit MEDILINE PLUS SITEhere
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